Teline monspessulana Can Harm the Chilean Native Tree Nothofagus obliqua: Effects on Germination and Initial Growth.

Teline monspessulana is highly invasive in several countries around the world. This species pressurizes and displaces several native and endemic tree species in south-central Chile such as Nothofagus obliqua, the native species of greatest timber interest. We determined the effects induced by allelochemical stress of T. monspessulana on N. obliqua germination and initial growth. Germination was evaluated under in vitro conditions and in natural substrate obtained from sites inhabited by N. obliqua and from nearby areas invaded by T. monspessulana. Controls irrigated with tap water and treatments with aqueous extracts of aerial organs of the invasive species were used. Morphometric and morphological variables were evaluated, and the composition of alkaloids and phenols from the plant organs used for the aqueous extracts was determined. The substrates were also chemically characterized. Allelochemicals synthesized by T. monspessulana caused germination and growth inhibition and tissue-level alterations, as well as leaf and root damage in N. obliqua seedlings. In the aerial organs of T. monspessulana, the quinolizidine alkaloids aphylline, caulophylline, anagyrine, and sophocarpine were mainly detected. In addition, 21 phenolic compounds were identified, including gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and quercetin. The phytotoxic potential of T. monspessulana can compromise the natural multiplication of N. obliqua and its survival from its first phenological stages. This interdisciplinary study model facilitated the clarification of the plant-plant relationship mediated by allelochemicals. The model can be replicated to investigate other interspecific interactions between invasive and native species.

Nursing educational intervention in hysterectomized women: a mixed method study protocol.

OBJECTIVES: To know the meaning of education in the perioperative period, in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign causes and to determine the effectiveness of educational nursing intervention in improving female sexual function, quality of life and self-esteem in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign causes. METHODS: Mixed design, exploratory sequential Qualitative phase semi-structured interviews and content analysis. Quasi-experimental study quantitative phase, non-equivalent control group. 26 women in 2 groups. Instruments: Biosociodemographic, Female Sexual Function Index, SF-36 Questionnaire, Rosenberg Scale. Both groups will receive traditional care and the experimental group will receive nursing educational intervention with web page support. Ethical requirements will be considered. EXPECTED RESULTS: The women in the experimental group will improve their sexual function, health-related quality of life and self-esteem in relation to the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Education in the perioperative period of hysterectomy is essential for the recovery of women who go through this experience.

Nursing educational intervention in hysterectomized women: a mixed method study protocol / Intervenção educacional de enfermagem em mulheres histerectomizadas: um protocolo de estudo de método mista / Intervención educativa de enfermería en mujeres histerectomizadas: protocolo de estudio de método mixto

ABSTRACT Objectives: To know the meaning of education in the perioperative period, in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign causes and to determine the effectiveness of educational nursing intervention in improving female sexual function, quality of life and self-esteem in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign causes. Methods: Mixed design, exploratory sequential Qualitative phase semi-structured interviews and content analysis. Quasi-experimental study quantitative phase, non-equivalent control group. 26 women in 2 groups. Instruments: Biosociodemographic, Female Sexual Function Index, SF-36 Questionnaire, Rosenberg Scale. Both groups will receive traditional care and the experimental group will receive nursing educational intervention with web page support. Ethical requirements will be considered. Expected results: The women in the experimental group will improve their sexual function, health-related quality of life and self-esteem in relation to the comparison group. Conclusions: Education in the perioperative period of hysterectomy is essential for the recovery of women who go through this experience.

RESUMO Objetivos: Conhecer o significado da educação no período perioperatório, em mulheres submetidas à histerectomia por causas benignas e determinar a eficácia da intervenção educativa de enfermagem na melhora da função sexual feminina, qualidade de vida e autoestima em mulheres submetidas à histerectomia por causas benignas. Métodos: Design misto, sequencial exploratório. Fase qualitativa entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo. Estudo quasi-experimental fase quantitativa, grupo controle não equivalente. 26 mulheres em 2 grupos. Instrumentos: Biossociodemografia, Índice de Função Sexual Feminina, Questionário SF-36, Escala de Rosenberg. Ambos os grupos receberão atendimento tradicional e o grupo experimental receberá intervenção educativa de enfermagem com suporte de página web. Requisitos éticos serão considerados. Resultados esperados: As mulheres do grupo experimental melhorarão sua função sexual, qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e autoestima em relação ao grupo de comparação. Conclusões: A educação no período perioperatório da histerectomia é essencial para a recuperação da mulher que vive essa experiência

RESUMEN Objetivos: Conocer el significado de la educación en periodo perioperatorio, en mujeres sometidas a histerectomía por causa benigna y determinar eficacia de intervención educativa de enfermería en mejoramiento de la función sexual femenina, calidad de vida y autoestima en mujeres sometidas a histerectomía por causa benigna. Métodos: Diseño mixto, exploratorio secuencial. Fase cualitativa entrevistas semiestructuradas y análisis de contenido. Fase cuantitativa estudio cuasi experimental, grupo control no equivalente.26 mujeres en 2 grupos. Instrumentos: Biosociodemográfico, Índice de Función Sexual Femenina, Cuestionario SF-36, Escala de Rosenberg. Ambos grupos recibirán atención tradicional y grupo experimental recibirá intervención educativa de enfermería con apoyo de página web. Serán considerados requisitos éticos. Resultados esperados: Las mujeres del grupo experimental mejoraran su función sexual, calidad de vida relacionada con salud y autoestima en relación al grupo comparación. Conclusiones: La educación en periodo perioperatorio de histerectomía es básica para la recuperación de las mujeres que viven esta experiencia.

Consumption of a Gelatin Supplemented with the Probiotic Strain Limosilactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C Prevents Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Young Adult Population Achieved.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with various gastrointestinal diseases of high worldwide prevalence. Since probiotics are an emerging alternative to managing infection by this pathogenic bacterium, the present work evaluated, in a randomized double-blind study controlled by a placebo, if consuming Limosilactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C prevents H. pylori infection in humans. Participants consumed either L. fermentum UCO-979C-supplemented gelatin (67 participants) or placebo-supplemented gelatin (64 participants) once a day, five days per week for 12 weeks. H. pylori infection in the participants was controlled before and after the intervention detecting H. pylori antigens in stools. Regarding H. pylori-infected participants before the study, 100% remained infected at the end of the study in the placebo group, while 96.7% of those receiving the probiotic remained infected after the intervention. Most importantly, of the non-infected participants, 34.2% became infected and 65.8% remained non-infected in the placebo group, while 2.7% became infected and 97.3% remained as non-infected individuals in the intervened group. Therefore, consuming the L. fermentum UCO-979C strain significantly reduced H. pylori infection, demonstrating a 92.6% efficacy in avoiding infection by this pathogen in non-infected individuals; thus, this probiotic is an excellent candidate to prevent H. pylori infections in non-infected individuals.

Intervención dirigida al equipo de salud para fortalecer la implementación del Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos / Training of health care workers on the Chronic Care Model

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Care Model promotes the link between informed, activated patients with proactive and prepared health care teams. AIM: To evaluate the effect of an intervention aimed at strengthening the implementation of the Chronic Care Model in the care provided by health teams to users with chronic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experiment study. Four health centers were randomly selected, divided into intervention and control groups, with 86 participants who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate in the study. A blended learning training program, lasting six months, was applied in intervened centers to incorporate the elements of the Chronic Care Model. The results were assessed using the questionnaire "Assessment of chronic illness care, internal client version 3.5" adapted to Chilean Spanish. RESULTS: A significant post-intervention improvement in the global score of attention evaluation was observed in the group that received the intervention, changing from basic su- pport to reasonably good support. Also, specific improvements were seen in five sections of the attention assessment. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention improved the evaluation of chronic disease care in the intervention group.

An Anaerobic Environment Drives the Harboring of Helicobacter pylori within Candida Yeast Cells.

Helicobacter pylori protects itself from stressful environments by forming biofilms, changing its morphology, or invading eukaryotic cells, including yeast cells. There is little knowledge about the environmental factors that influence the endosymbiotic relationship between bacterium and yeasts. Here, we studied if oxygen availability stimulated the growth of H. pylori within Candida and if this was a bacterial- or yeast strain-dependent relationship. Four H. pylori strains and four Candida strains were co-cultured in Brucella broth plus 5% fetal bovine serum, and incubated under microaerobic, anaerobic, or aerobic conditions. Bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) within yeast cells (Y-BLBs) were detected by microscopy. H. pylori was identified by FISH and by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori from total DNA extracted from Y-BLBs from H. pylori and Candida co-cultures. BLBs viability was confirmed by SYTO-9 fluorescence. Higher Y-BLB percentages were obtained under anaerobic conditions and using H. pylori J99 and C. glabrata combinations. Thus, the H. pylori-Candida endosymbiotic relationship is strain dependent. The FISH and PCR results identified BLBs as intracellular H. pylori. Conclusion: Stressful conditions such as an anaerobic environment significantly increased H. pylori growth within yeast cells, where it remained viable, and the bacterium-yeast endosymbiotic relationship was bacterial strain dependent with a preference for C. glabrata.

Diferencias entre el rendimiento en tareas de conciencia fonológica y conciencia prosódica acentual en escolares con trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje / Differences between performance on phonological awareness and prosodic stress awareness tasks in school children with Developmental Language Disorder

Antecedentes y objetivo: La conciencia prosódica acentual (CPa) es una habilidad metalingüística que se desarrolla en forma paralela a otras habilidades como la conciencia fonológica (CF). Los objetivos de este artículo son: determinar la CPa de niños con TDL en niños de segundo y cuarto grado de primaria; comprobar si las habilidades de CP acentual y CF se encuentran relacionadas entre sí y determinar si esas eventuales relaciones se presentan de igual forma en individuos de segundo y cuarto grado de educación primaria. Materiales y método: En el estudio participaron 131 niños, 76 de 2.° grado de educación primaria (EP) (26 TDL y 50 sin TDL) y 55 niños de 4.° grado de EP (22 TDL y 33 sin TDL). Se utilizaron 2pruebas de CP: test de acento léxico y test de acento métrico, y 2pruebas de CF. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los niños con TDL presentan dificultades en la CPa independientemente del grado. Además, se corrobora la relación que existente entre la CPa y la CF.(AU)

Background and objectiv: Prosodic stress awareness is a metalinguistic ability that develops in parallel to other abilities such as phonological awareness (PhA). The objectives of this article are: to determine prosodic stress awareness the of children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) in second and fourth grade elementary school children, Prosodic stress awareness and PhA are related to each other and, to determine if those eventual relations are presented equally in individuals of second and fourth grade of primary education. Materials and method: 131 children participated in the study, 76 in the 2nd grade of primary school (PS) (26 DLD and 50 without DLD) and 55 children in the 4th grade of PS (22 DLD and 33 without DLD). Two prosodic stress awareness tests were used: lexical accent test and metric accent test, and 2tests of PhA. Results and conclusions: The results show that children with DLD present difficulties in prosodic stress awareness regardless of grade. In addition, the relationship between prosodic stress awareness and CF is corroborated.(AU)

Incorporation of Limosilactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C with Anti-Helicobacter pylori and Immunomodulatory Activities in Various Ice Cream Bases.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C is a probiotic strain possessing anti-Helicobacter pylori and immunomodulatory activity. The aim of this work was to examine if this strain maintains its probiotic properties and its viability when added to dairy-based ice creams (cookies and cream, Greek yogurt, and chocolate with brownie) or to fruit-based ice creams (pineapple and raspberry) stored at -18 °C for 90 days. The probiotic anti-H. pylori activity using the well diffusion test, its immunomodulatory activity was measured using transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) cytokine production by human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, and its viability was measured using the microdrop technique. Assays were performed in triplicate. The L. fermentum UCO-979C strain maintained strong anti-H. pylori activity in dairy-based ice creams and mild activity in fruit-based ice cream. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TGF-ß1 on AGS cells was higher in the probiotic recovered from Greek yogurt ice cream, maintaining a viability exceeding 107 colony-forming units/mL. The addition of the probiotic to ice creams did not significantly influence the physicochemical properties of the product. These data show the great potential of the L. fermentum UCO-979C strain in producing probiotic dairy-based and fruit-based ice creams.

[Training of health care workers on the Chronic Care Model]. / Intervención dirigida al equipo de salud para fortalecer la implementación del Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos.

BACKGROUND: The Chronic Care Model promotes the link between informed, activated patients with proactive and prepared health care teams. AIM: To evaluate the effect of an intervention aimed at strengthening the implementation of the Chronic Care Model in the care provided by health teams to users with chronic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Quasi-experiment study. Four health centers were randomly selected, divided into intervention and control groups, with 86 participants who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate in the study. A blended learning training program, lasting six months, was applied in intervened centers to incorporate the elements of the Chronic Care Model. The results were assessed using the questionnaire "Assessment of chronic illness care, internal client version 3.5" adapted to Chilean Spanish. RESULTS: A significant post-intervention improvement in the global score of attention evaluation was observed in the group that received the intervention, changing from basic su- pport to reasonably good support. Also, specific improvements were seen in five sections of the attention assessment. CONCLUSIONS: This intervention improved the evaluation of chronic disease care in the intervention group.

Comportamiento de los parámetros diadococinéticos orales en escolares de primero básico y su relación con el nivel sociocultural y el desempeño fonético-fonológico / Behavior of the oral diadochokinetic parameters in primary school students and its relationship with the sociocultural level and phonetic-phonological performance

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el comportamiento de los parámetros diadococinéticos orales en una población de escolares de primero básico, pertenecientes a dos niveles socioculturales y con diferente desempeño fonético-fonológico. Para alcanzar este objetivo se evaluó el rendimiento diadococinético oral de los participantes a través de la repetición monosilábica de [pa], [t̪a] y [ka] utilizando el método de emisión de sílabas en un tiempo determinado. El análisis de las emisiones se llevó a cabo con el programa Motor Speech Profile, el cual entregó los valores de medición para cinco parámetros diadococinéticos (DDKavp, DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKcvi). Por otra parte, el desempeño fonético-fonológico fue analizado a través de la Pauta de Clasificación de Ajustes Fonético-Fonológicos (CLAFF). Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos socioculturales solo para los parámetros DDKcvp/%/ y DDKjit/%/, mientras que el resto de los parámetros diadococinéticos se comportó de manera similar. El grupo de niños del nivel sociocultural bajo tuvo una mayor variabilidad de la tasa DDK y mayor porcentaje de perturbaciones. Se observaron relaciones significativas entre algunos ajustes fonéticos-fonológicos y algunos parámetros diadococinéticos.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the oral diadochokinetic parameters in first grade students, who belong to two different sociocultural environments and have different phonetic-phonological performance. To reach this objective, the oral diadochokinetic parameters were evaluated through monosyllabic repetition of [pa], [t̪a] and [ka] using the syllable emission method in a specific time. The syllable emission analysis was carried out through the Motor Speech Profile program, which provided with measurement values for five diadochokinetic parameters (DDKavp, DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKcvi). On the other hand, the phonetic-phonological performance was analyzed through the Classification of Phonetic and Phonological Adjustments (CLAFF). The results showed differences between both sociocultural groups only for the parameters DDKcvp/%/ y DDKjit/%/, while the other diadochokinetic parameters behaved in a similar way. The low sociocultural children group had a higher variability in the DDK parameters and a higher percentage of disturbances. Significant relations could be seen between some phonetic-phonological adjustments and some diadochokinetic parameters.

Relación entre características sociodemográficas, obstétricas y psicosociales con el desenlace del parto prematuro en un hospital de alta complejidad / Relationship between sociodemographic, obstetric and psychosocial characteristics with the outcome of premature delivery in a highly complex hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prematuridad es un grave problema de salud pública por la morbilidad, la mortalidad y los costos a ella asociados. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas, obstétricas y psicosociales con el desenlace de parto prematuro frente a partos de término en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente de Concepción, Chile, entre el segundo semestre de 2016 y el primer semestre de 2017. MÉTODO: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional, de tipo caso-control. La muestra la constituyeron 84 mujeres con parto prematuro y 85 con parto de término. Se utilizó un cuestionario de elaboración propia y la escala de Evaluación Psicosocial Abreviada (EPsA). El estudio fue aprobado por el comité ético científico. Se realizó análisis bivariado, con un nivel de significancia a = 0,05. Los datos se analizaron con el software estadístico SPSS v.25.0. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias en los antecedentes sociodemográficos (edad, nivel socioeconómico, estado civil y escolaridad) entre ambos grupos. Solo las mujeres con parto prematuro mantenían en mayor porcentaje que las gestantes de término un trabajo remunerado (43,4% vs. 25,9%). El estado nutricional y el antecedente de parto prematuro previo no se asociaron a un nuevo parto antes de las 37 semanas. La interrupción por cesárea fue significativamente más frecuente en las gestaciones de pretérmino que en el grupo control (p = 0,0377). CONCLUSIONES: En la población estudiada, las características sociodemográficas de las gestantes no tuvieron relación con el desenlace prematuro de la gestación. Algunos factores biomédicos se relacionan significativamente con este riesgo. Es necesario evaluar la pertinencia de aplicar escalas psicosociales en esta población y enfocar los esfuerzos para promover el control preconcepcional en mujeres con antecedentes de parto prematuro o comorbilidad.

INTRODUCTION: Prematurity is a serious public health problem due to morbidity, mortality and associated costs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic, obstetric and psychosocial characteristics with the outcome of premature birth versus term births at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital in Concepción, Chile, between the second semester of 2016 and the first semester of 2017. METHOD: Quantitative, observational case-control study. The sample consisted of 85 women with premature delivery and 85 with term delivery. A self-elaborated questionnaire and Abbreviated Psychosocial Assessment scale (EPsA) were used. The study was approved by the scientific ethics committee. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed, with a level of significance a = 0.05. The data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS v.25.0. RESULTS: There were no differences between the sociodemographic antecedents (age, socioeconomic level, marital status and education) between both groups. Only women with preterm birth had a higher percentage of paid work than full-term pregnant women (43.4% vs. 25.9%). Nutritional status and a history of previous preterm birth were not associated with a new delivery before 37 weeks. Interruption by cesarean section was significantly more frequent in preterm pregnancies than in the control group (p = 0.0377). CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population, the sociodemographic characteristics of the pregnant women were not related to the premature outcome of pregnancy. Biomedical factors are significantly related to this risk. It is necessary to evaluate the relevance of applying psychosocial scales in this population and to focus efforts to promote preconception control in women with a history of preterm birth and/or comorbidities.

Efecto del consumo del probiótico Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C en peso, masa grasa, masa magra, circunferencia de la cintura y hábitos alimenticios / Effect of the consumption of the probiotic lactobacillus fermentum uco-979c on weight, fat mass, lean mass, waist circumference and eating habits

Fundamentos: Varios estudios evalúan si el consumo de probióticos puede modificar el peso corporal. La cepa Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C es una cepa de origen gástrico y éste constituye el primer estudio en humanos. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de la cepa L. fermentum UCO979C en el peso, el porcentaje de masa grasa, masa magra, circunferencia de la cintura y hábitos alimenticios de un grupo de adultos jóvenes de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile.Métodos: Ciento cuatro estudiantes universitarios se dividieron en dos grupos. El grupo intervenido (n = 56) consumió una gelatina que contenía la cepa probiótica, mientras que elgrupo control (n = 46) consumió una gelatina placebo. Los hábitos alimenticios, la composición corporal se evaluaron al comienzo y al final de la intervención. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas después de 12 semanas entre el grupo control y el grupo intervenido en peso, porcentaje de masa grasa, masa magra y circunferencia de la cintura, pero se observaron diferencias significativas en los hábitos alimenticios. A la semana 12 el grupo intervenido mostró un aumento muy significativo de la masa magra y un mayor consumo de productos lácteos y frutas respecto al inicio del estudio.Conclusiones: El consumo del probiótico no modificó ni el peso ni la composición corporal, pero sí modificó los hábitosalimenticios, aumentando el consumo del desayuno, frutas y productos lácteos. (AU)

Background: Several studies evaluate whether the consumption of probiotics can modify body weight. The Lactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C strain is a strain of gastric origin and this constitutes the first study in humans. Theobjective was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of the L. fermentum UCO-979C strain on weight, percentage of fat mass, lean mass, waist circumference and eatinghabits of a group of young adults from the University of Concepción, Chile.Methods: One hundred and four university students were divided into two groups. The intervened group (n = 56) consumed a gelatin containing the probiotic strain, while thecontrol group (n = 46) consumed a placebo gelatin. Eating habits and body composition were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Results: No significant differences were observed after 12weeks of intervention in weight, percentage of fat mass, lean mass, and waist circumference, but significant differences were observed in eating habits. The intra-group analysis showed a very significant increase in lean mass anda higher consumption of dairy products and fruits in the group that received the probiotic.Conclusions: The consumption of the probiotic did not modify neither the weight nor the body composition, but it did modify the eating habits, increasing the consumption of breakfast, fruits and dairy products. (AU)

Estudio de la validez y fiabilidad del Test de Repetición Fonético-Fonológica (TREFF) como instrumento para evaluar el desempeño fonético-fonológico en niños chilenos / Study of the validity and reliability of the Phonetic-Phonological Repetition Test (TREFF) as an instrument to evaluate the phonetic-phonological performance in Chilean children

En la actualidad, se requiere un mayor repertorio de pruebas válidas y confiables que evalúen el desempeño fonético-fonológico en niños chilenos. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la validez y fiabilidad del Test de Repetición Fonético-Fonológica (TREFF). La validación fue llevada a cabo mediante un juicio de expertos y la fiabilidad fue determinada mediante el análisis estadístico de la estabilidad temporal y la concordancia intra-e interjueces. Para este proceso, se aplicó el instrumento en una población infantil perteneciente al nivel sociocultural medio alto, con un desarrollo fonético-fonológico acorde a lo esperado para su edad. El análisis de las respuestas fue realizado por tres jueces evaluadores, quienes determinaron si el niño o la niña lograba producir los elementos evaluados. Respecto a la validación, el instrumento fue modificado considerando las sugerencias de los expertos. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, los resultados obtenidos demostraron estabilidad temporal y un alto grado de concordancia a nivel intra-e interjueces. El estudio permite concluir que el test TREFF cumple con los criterios devalidez y fiabilidad.

At present, a greater repertoire of valid and reliable tests is required to evaluate the phonetic-phonological performance in Chilean children. The objective of this study is to determine the validity and reliability of the Phonetic-Phonological Repetition Test (TREFF). Validation was carried out by expert judgment and reliability was determined by statistical analysis of temporal stability and intra and inter-judge agreement. Forthis process, the instrument was applied in a medium-high sociocultural level child population, with a phonetic-phonological development according to what was expected for their age. The analysis of the responses was carried out by three evaluating judges, who determined if the boy or girl achieved to produce the elements evaluated. In terms of validation, the instrument was modified considering the experts' suggestions. Concerning to reliability, the results obtained demonstrated temporal stability and a high degree of concordance at the intra-judge and inter-judge levels. The study allows us to conclude that the TREFF test meets the validity and reliability criteria.

Problemáticas lingüísticas en estudiantes extranjeros de intercambio universitario / Linguistic issues in foreign university exchange students / Problemas linguísticos para estudantes estrangeiros de intercâmbio universitário

Resumen Introducción. En las universidades chilenas, ha aumentado notablemente la cantidad de estudiantes extranjeros que realizan intercambios universitarios. Un gran número de ellos proviene de países no hispanohablantes. Objetivos. Conocer las dificultades que perciben los académicos (de tres ámbitos disciplinares: Humanidades, Ciencias Sociales e Ingeniería) en los alumnos extranjeros y delimitar los géneros académicos representativos que deben producir los estudiantes durante el intercambio universitario. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de diseño transeccional descriptivo mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario, en línea, a 44 académicos de una universidad chilena. Resultados. La principal dificultad observada por los académicos corresponde a un nivel deficiente de español y en cuanto a los géneros representativos que deben producir los alumnos destacan los géneros escritos: ensayo (Ciencias Humanas) e informe de laboratorio (Ciencias de la Ingeniería) y los géneros orales: exposición oral, participación en debates (Ciencias Humanas) y presentación oral (Ciencias de la Ingeniería). Conclusiones. Se necesita que las universidades delimiten y exijan un nivel de español que permita a los estudiantes extranjeros (no nativos de español) desempeñarse en el ámbito académico. Además, se debe enseñar a los alumnos extranjeros a producir textos escritos y orales en español.

Abstract Introduction. The number of international students who make university exchanges in Chilean universities has increased considerably. A large number of them come from countries whose native language is not Spanish. Objectives. To know the difficulties of international students (from three disciplinary fields: Humanities, Social Sciences, and Engineering) as perceived by academics, and define the representative academic genres that students should produce during the university exchange. Materials and methods. A quantitative study using a descriptive transectional design was carried out by applying an online questionnaire to 44 academics from a Chilean university. Results. The main difficulty observed by the academics corresponds to a deficient Spanish level, and regarding the representative genres that they must produce, in the written genres stand out: essay (Human Sciences) and laboratory report (Sciences of Engineering) and in oral genres: debates (Human Sciences) and oral presentation (Sciences of Engineering and Human Sciences). Conclusion. Universities need to define and require a Spanish level that allows international students (non-native Spanish) to perform sufficiently in the academic field. In addition, international students must be taught to produce written and oral texts in Spanish.

Resumo Introdução. Nas universidades chilenas, o número de estudantes estrangeiros que fazem intercâmbios universitários aumentou notavelmente. Um grande número deles vem de países que não falam espanhol. Objetivos. Conhecer as dificuldades percebidas pelos acadêmicos (de três áreas disciplinares: Ciências Humanas, Ciências Sociais e Engenharia) em estudantes estrangeiros e definir os gêneros acadêmicos representativos que estes alunos devem produzir durante o intercâmbio universitário. Materiais e métodos. Um estudo quantitativo a partir de desenho transectional descritivo foi realizado por meio da aplicação de um questionário, on-line, a 44 acadêmicos de uma universidade chilena. Resultados. A principal dificuldade observada pelos acadêmicos corresponde a um nível deficitário de espanhol e aos gêneros representativos que devem produzir, a saber, os gêneros escritos: ensaio (Ciências Humanas) e relatório de laboratório (Ciências da Engenharia) e gêneros orais: exposição oral, participação em debates (Ciências Humanas) e apresentação oral (Ciências da Engenharia). Conclusões. As universidades precisam definir e exigir um nível de espanhol que permita que estudantes estrangeiros (não falantes de espanhol como língua nativa) atuem no campo acadêmico. Além disso, os estudantes estrangeiros devem aprender a produzir textos escritos e orais em espanhol.

Textos utilizados en la evaluación de adultos chilenos con trastornos del habla de origen neurológico / Passages used in the assessment of Chilean adults with neurological speech disorders

INTRODUCCIÓN: La lectura oral de un texto se realiza frecuentemente en la evaluación de adultos con trastornos del habla de origen neurológico. Estos textos deben incorporar aspectos fonéticos representativos de la lengua, es decir, estar fonéticamente equilibrados o balanceados. El abuelo y La familia son los textos que se utilizan en Chile, aun cuando no se cuenta con evidencia sobre su equilibrio o balance fonético. OBJETIVO: Determinar el equilibrio o balance fonético de los textos utilizados en la evaluación de adultos chilenos con trastornos del habla de origen neurológico, a partir de la frecuencia de los fonemas del español de Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cuantitativo no experimental descriptivo. Se identifica la frecuencia de aparición de cada fonema en El abuelo y La familia, y se compara con la distribución de las frecuencias del español chileno. RESULTADOS: La distribución de la frecuencia de los fonemas evidencia diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el estudio Pérez y El abuelo (χ2=34.983; pvalue=.028) y entre el estudio de Pérez y La familia (χ2=54.402; p<.001). CONCLUSIONES: El abuelo y La familia son textos que no están fonéticamente equilibrados o balanceados. A pesar de estar compuestos por la totalidad del inventario fonológico de la lengua, los fonemas no se distribuyen con una frecuencia similar a la reportada para Chile. Se plantea la necesidad de contar con textos fonológicamente balanceados, que incluyan aspectos fonéticos del español de Chile, para la evaluación de los trastornos del habla de origen neurológico

INTRODUCTION: Oral reading passages are often used in the assessment of adults with neurological speech disorders. These passages must incorporate phonetic aspects representative of the language, that is, they must be phonetically balanced. El abueloand La familia are the passages used in Chile, even when there is no evidence on their phonetic balance. OBJECTIVE: To determine the phonetic balance of the passages used in the assessment of Chilean adults with neurological speech disorders, based on the frequency of phonemes in Chilean Spanish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative non-experimental descriptive study. The frequency of occurrence of each phoneme in El abuelo and La familia is identified and is compared with the frequency distribution of Chilean Spanish. RESULTS: The frequency distribution of the phonemes shows statistically significant differences between the study by Pérez and El abuelo (χ2=34.983; P=.028), and between the study by Pérez and La familia (χ2=54.402; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: El abuelo and La familia are passages which are not phonetically balanced. Despite being composed of the entire phonological inventory of the language, phonemes are not distributed with a frequency similar to that reported for Chile. The need arises to have phonetically balanced passages that include phonetic aspects of Chilean Spanish for the evaluation of neurological speech disorders

Chilean Rhubarb, Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. (Gunneraceae): UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS Profiling of Aqueous Extract and its Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity.

The full UHPLC-MS metabolome fingerprinting and anti-Helicobacter pylori effect of Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. (Nalca) total extract (GTE) and fractions prepared from its edible fresh petioles were evaluated. The activity of G. tinctoria against H. pylori strains ATCC 45504 and J99 was assessed in vitro by means of agar diffusion assay, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), while killing curve and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) were conducted in order to determine the effect of the plant extract on bacterial growth and ultrastructure. Additionally, the inhibitory effect upon urease was evaluated using both the Jack Bean and H. pylori enzymes. To determine which molecules could be responsible for the antibacterial effects, tentative identification was done by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap®-HR-MS). Furthermore, the total G. tinctoria extract was fractionated using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), giving four active fractions (1-4). It was determined that the crude extract and centrifugal partition chromatography fractions of G. tinctoria have a bactericidal effect being the lowest MIC and MBC = 32 µg/ml. In the killing curves, fraction one acts faster than control amoxicillin. In the urease assay, F3 exhibited the lowest IC50 value of 13.5 µg/ml. Transmission electronic microscopy showed that crude G. tinctoria extract promotes disruption and separation of the cellular wall and outer membrane detachment on H. pylori causing bacterial cell death.

Sentido de coherencia y estilo de vida promotor de salud en estudiantes del noroeste de México / Sense of coherence and health-promoting lifestyle in northwest Mexico students

Resumen Objetivo: analizar el sentido de coherencia y su relación con el estilo de vida promotor de salud en estudiantes de una universidad pública en Sonora, México. Método: estudio descriptivo y correlacional, participaron 44 estudiantes de las carreras de ciencias de la computación, física y geología. Se empleó una cédula de datos sociodemográficos, la Escala Sentido de Coherencia 13 y el Cuestionario Estilo de Vida ii. Se efectuó análisis de datos con medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, se utilizó el test chi-cuadrado y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, con un nivel de significancia de alfa 0,05. Resultados: la edad promedio de los estudiantes fue de 20 años, 70,5% eran hombres y solteros, un 52,3% mostró sentido de coherencia global bajo predominando en hombres (54,8%). Un 56,8% obtuvo un estilo de vida promotor de salud insuficiente, mayormente en mujeres (69,2%). El sentido de coherencia tuvo correlación positiva significativa con el estilo de vida promotor de salud (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: la etapa de transición a la vida universitaria es un período importante y crítico para los estudiantes, es prioritario establecer programas de promoción y educación para la salud con enfoque salu-togénico, con el propósito de fortalecer el uso de los recursos disponibles y desarrollar un sentido de coherencia más fuerte en los estudiantes, fomentando un estilo de vida promotor de salud permanente.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o senso de coerência e sua relação com o estilo de vida promotor de saúde em estudantes de uma universidade pública em Sonora, México. Metodologia: estudo descritivo e correlacional, 44 alunos participaram das carreiras de ciência da computação, física e geologia. Utilizou-se um cartão de dados sociodemográficos, a sense of coherence scale 13 e o lifestyle ii questionnaire. A análise dos dados foi realizada com medidas de tendência central e dispersão, utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, utilizando um nível de significância de alfa 0,05. Resultados: a média da idade dos estudantes foi de 20 anos, 70,5 % eram homens e solteiros, 52,3 % mostraram um senso de coerência global, predominantemente em homens (54,8 %). 56,8 % obtiveram um estilo de vida insuficiente para o promotor de saúde, principalmente mulheres (69,2 %). O senso de coerência teve uma correlação positiva significativa com o estilo de vida promotor de saúde (p < 0,05). Conclusões: a fase de transição para a vida universitária é um período importante e crítico para os alunos. É prioritário estabelecer programas de promoção da saúde e educação com uma abordagem salutogênica, com o objetivo de reforçar o uso dos recursos disponíveis e desenvolver um senso de coerência mais forte nos estudantes promovendo, assim, o desenvolvimento de um promotor vitalício da saúde.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the sense of coherence and its relationship with the health-promoting lifestyle in students of a public university in Sonora, Mexico. Methodology: descriptive and correlational study, 44 students in the careers of computer science, physics and geology participated. A socio-demographic data card, the sense of coherence scale 13 and the Lifestyle II questionnaire were used. Data analysis was performed with central trend and dispersion measurements, the chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used, using a significance level of alpha 0.05. Results: the average age of students was 20 years, 70.5 % were male and single, 52.3 % showed a low sense of overall coherence, predominantly in men (54.8 %). 56.8 % obtained an insufficient health-promoting lifestyle, mostly in women (69.2 %). The sense of coherence had a significant positive correlation with the health-promoting lifestyle (p < 0.05). Conclusions: the transition to university life is an important and critical period for students, it is a priority to establish health promotion and education programs with a salutogenic approach, with the aim of strengthening the use of the accessible resources and developing a stronger sense of coherence in students, fostering a permanent health-promoting lifestyle.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE SURVEILLANCE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI AT THE BIOBÍO REGION (CHILE) IN A DECADE.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection in Chile remains as a public and private health-care system's challenge, with a prevalence of the infection over 70%. Nowadays, antibiotic treatment of the infection is mandatory to prevent the arising of severe associated diseases but failures in the eradication therapy mainly due to clarithromycin resistance has been observed worldwide and first line eradication therapy seems to be not effective anymore in several geographical areas. Thus, health-care systems are committed to maintain an epidemiological surveillance upon the evolution of the antibiotic resistance of this priority 2 pathogen. OBJECTIVE: This work reports a 10 years surveillance of the primary antibiotic resistance of H. pylori clinical isolates at the Biobío region-Chile, and the evolution of resistance toward amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline among the species. METHODS: H. pylori strains were investigated during the periods 2005-2007 (1435 patients analysed) and 2015-2017 (220 patients analysed) by inoculating a saline homogenate biopsy onto the surface of Columbia agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) - supplemented with 7% horse red blood cells plus DENT inhibitor (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) - following by incubation at 37ºC under 10% CO2 atmosphere for five days. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was assessed using the disk diffusion test in Müeller-Hinton agar supplemented with 7% horse red blood cells followed by incubation for further three days under 10% CO2 atmosphere. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS v22 software and P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 41% of 1435 patients were detected to be infected with H. pylori by bacteriological culture in 2005-2007 period, meanwhile 32.7% from 220 patients were also infected in 2015-2017 period. The clinical isolates of H. pylori are mostly susceptible to amoxicillin and tetracycline (both over 98% of strains), but less susceptible to levofloxacin in both periods analysed (over 79% of the strains). On the other hand, metronidazole continuous showing the highest score of resistant isolates (over 40% of resistant strains), although an 18% fewer resistant strains were observed in 2015-2017 period. Clarithromycin, the key antibiotic in eradication therapies, has an increased frequency of resistant strain isolated in the decade (22.5% in 2005-2007 and 29.2% in 2015-2017). Multidrug resistant strains (two, three and four antibiotics) were also detected in both periods with the highest scores for simultaneous resistance to clarithromycin-metronidazole (18%) and clarithromycin-metronidazole-levofloxacin (12.5%) resistant strains. According to gender, the isolates resistant to amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole were more frequent in female, with a specific increment in amoxicillin and clarithromycin resistance. CONCLUSION: The frequency of clarithromycin resistance (29.2%) detected in 2015-2017 suggests that conventional triple therapy is no longer effective in this region.

Vigilância da resistência a antibióticos contra o Helicobacter pylori na região do Biobío (Chile) em uma década / Antibiotic resistance surveillance of helicobacter pylori at the biobío region (chile) in a decade

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection in Chile remains as a public and private health-care system's challenge, with a prevalence of the infection over 70%. Nowadays, antibiotic treatment of the infection is mandatory to prevent the arising of severe associated diseases but failures in the eradication therapy mainly due to clarithromycin resistance has been observed worldwide and first line eradication therapy seems to be not effective anymore in several geographical areas. Thus, health-care systems are committed to maintain an epidemiological surveillance upon the evolution of the antibiotic resistance of this priority 2 pathogen. OBJECTIVE: This work reports a 10 years surveillance of the primary antibiotic resistance of H. pylori clinical isolates at the Biobío region-Chile, and the evolution of resistance toward amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline among the species. METHODS: H. pylori strains were investigated during the periods 2005-2007 (1435 patients analysed) and 2015-2017 (220 patients analysed) by inoculating a saline homogenate biopsy onto the surface of Columbia agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) - supplemented with 7% horse red blood cells plus DENT inhibitor (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) - following by incubation at 37ºC under 10% CO2 atmosphere for five days. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was assessed using the disk diffusion test in Müeller-Hinton agar supplemented with 7% horse red blood cells followed by incubation for further three days under 10% CO2 atmosphere. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS v22 software and P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 41% of 1435 patients were detected to be infected with H. pylori by bacteriological culture in 2005-2007 period, meanwhile 32.7% from 220 patients were also infected in 2015-2017 period. The clinical isolates of H. pylori are mostly susceptible to amoxicillin and tetracycline (both over 98% of strains), but less susceptible to levofloxacin in both periods analysed (over 79% of the strains). On the other hand, metronidazole continuous showing the highest score of resistant isolates (over 40% of resistant strains), although an 18% fewer resistant strains were observed in 2015-2017 period. Clarithromycin, the key antibiotic in eradication therapies, has an increased frequency of resistant strain isolated in the decade (22.5% in 2005-2007 and 29.2% in 2015-2017). Multidrug resistant strains (two, three and four antibiotics) were also detected in both periods with the highest scores for simultaneous resistance to clarithromycin-metronidazole (18%) and clarithromycin-metronidazole-levofloxacin (12.5%) resistant strains. According to gender, the isolates resistant to amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole were more frequent in female, with a specific increment in amoxicillin and clarithromycin resistance. CONCLUSION: The frequency of clarithromycin resistance (29.2%) detected in 2015-2017 suggests that conventional triple therapy is no longer effective in this region.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A infecção por Helicobacter pylori no Chile permanece como um desafio do sistema de saúde público e privado, com prevalência da infecção acima de 70%. Hoje em dia, o tratamento antibiótico da infecção é obrigatório para prevenir o surgimento de graves doenças associadas, mas falhas na terapia de erradicação, principalmente devido à resistência à claritromicina, têm sido observadas em todo o mundo, e a terapia de erradicação de primeira linha parece não ser mais eficaz em várias áreas geográficas. Assim, os sistemas de saúde estão comprometidos em manter uma vigilância epidemiológica sobre a evolução da resistência aos antibióticos deste patógeno prioritário tipo 2. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho relata uma vigilância de 10 anos da resistência antibiótica primária de isolados clínicos de H. pylori na região do Biobío-Chile, e a evolução da resistência em relação à amoxicilina, claritromicina, levofloxacina, metronidazol e tetraciclina entre as espécies. MÉTODOS: As cepas de H. pylori foram investigadas durante os períodos 2005-2007 (1435 pacientes analisados) e 2015-2017 (220 pacientes analisados) inoculando uma biópsia de homogeneizado fisiológico na superfície do agar Columbia (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Reino Unido) - suplementado com 7% de glóbulos vermelhos do cavalo mais o inibidor de DENTE (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Reino Unido) - seguindo pela incubação em 37ºC a atmosfera de 10% de CO2 por cinco dias. O padrão de resistência aos antibióticos dos isolados foi avaliado utilizando-se o teste de difusão em disco em agar Müeller-Hinton suplementado com 7% de glóbulos vermelhos de cavalo seguidos de incubação por mais três dias a atmosfera de 10% de CO2. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o software SPSS V22 e os valores de P<0,5 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS: Um total de 41% dos 1435 pacientes foram detectados como contaminados por H. pylori pela cultura bacteriológica no período 2005-2007, ao mesmo tempo 32,7% de 220 pacientes foram contaminados igualmente no período 2015-2017. Os isolados clínicos de H. pylori são principalmente suscetíveis à amoxicilina e tetraciclina (tanto mais de 98% das cepas), mas menos suscetíveis à levofloxacina em ambos os períodos analisados (mais de 79% das cepas). Por outro lado, o metronidazol permaneceu mostrando a maior pontuação de resistentes isolados (mais de 40% de cepas resistentes), embora tenham sido observados 18% menos cepas resistentes no período de 2015-2017. A claritromicina, o antibiótico-chave em terapias de erradicação, tem uma frequência aumentada de cepa resistente isolada na década (22,5% em 2005-2007 e 29,2% em 2015-2017). Cepas multirresistentes (dois, três e quatro antibióticos) também foram detectadas em ambos os períodos com os maiores escores de resistência simultânea à claritromicina-metronidazol (18%) e claritromicina-metronidazol-levofloxacina (12,5%) cepas resistentes. De acordo com o sexo, os isolados resistentes à amoxicilina, claritromicina e metronidazol foram mais frequentes no sexo feminino, com incremento específico em amoxicilina e resistência à claritromicina. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de resistência à claritromicina (29,2%) detectada em 2015-2017 sugere que a terapia tripla convencional não é mais efetiva nesta região.

Actitudes de madres de preescolares ante la implementación de la ley de etiquetado nutricional en Chile / Attitudes of mothers of preschools in the implementation of the nutritional labeling law in Chile

Debido a los cambios en los estilos de vida y su reflejo en la prevalencia de malnutrición por exceso a nivel mundial, en Chile (2016) se aprobó la Ley sobre Composición de los Alimentos y su Publicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las actitudes alimentarias en madres de preescolares de distinto nivel socioeconómico y el estado nutricional de sus hijos, frente a la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas a través de distintas formas de promoción comercial, así como su actitud ante la Ley 20.606. Se aplicó una encuesta validada, la cual incluye preguntas sobre las etiquetas en los envases de los alimentos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables y se determinó si existía diferencias entre la distribución de las respuestas según NSE mediante la prueba Chi2 .Al consultar los lugares en los que han visto publicidad de alimentos, 72% de las madres refiere haberla visto en los supermercados y 48,5% en internet. Sólo 34, 8% refirió recordar algún comercial en particular, y al solicitarles que especificaran el comercial que recordaban, 45,3% nombró alguna bebida azucarada y 13,6% alguna de yogurt. Respecto a los sellos de advertencia presentes en los envases de los alimentos, 87% declaró que les gustaban o les parecían bien. Sólo 43,6% respondió que había dejado de comprar alimentos con dichos sellos. Estos resultados serán útiles para el diseño de intervenciones específicas para este importante grupo, ya que un cambio positivo en sus conductas actuales podría repercutir en la creación de hábitos saludables en sus hijos e hijas(AU)

Due to changes in lifestyles and its reflection on the worldwide prevalence of malnutrition due to excess, in Chile (2016) the Law on Food Composition and its Advertising was approved. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional attitudes of 509 mothers of preschoolers of different socioeconomic levels and the nutritional status of their children, in front of the advertising of food and beverages through different forms of commercial promotion, as well as their attitude towards Law 20,606. A validated survey was applied, which includes questions about labels on food containers. A descriptive analysis of the variables was carried out to determine if there were differences between the distributions of the responses according to the SEL using the Chi2 test. When consulting the places where they have seen the food advertising, 72% of the mothers reported having seen it in the supermarkets and 48.5% on the internet. Only 34, 8% reported to remembering a particular commercial, and when asked to specify the commercial they remembered, 45.3% named a sugary drink and 13.6% some yogurt. Regarding the warning seals present on food containers, 87% stated that they liked them or they seemed good to them. Only 43.6% answered that they have stopped buying foods with these labels. These results will be useful for the design of specific interventions for this important group, since a positive change in their current behaviors could have an impact on the creation of healthy habits in their children(AU)